ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN TOURISM PUBLIC POLICIES IN MOZAMBIQUE

Benjamim, L.F.; Azevedo, F.F.

doi:10.4215/rm2024.e23007

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Article • Mercator (Fortaleza) 23 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.4215/rm2024.e23007 copy

ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN TOURISM PUBLIC POLICIES IN MOZAMBIQUE

ANÁLISE DAS PRINCIPAIS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE TURISMO EM MOÇAMBIQUE

ANÁLISIS DE LAS PRINCIPALES POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS TURÍSTICAS EN MOZAMBIQUE

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The main aim of this research is to identify the main tourism public policies in Mozambique and to reflect on their role and applicability in reducing poverty in vulnerable communities, essentially to understand how they are implemented and what their level of applicability is. Methodologically, bibliographical and documentary research was applied; this is qualitative research and for data analysis we opted for content analysis to encompass the content presented in the various sources that represent tourism public policies and their role in alleviating poverty and promoting development. The main public policies analyzed were the Tourism Law, Tourism Policy and the Strategic Plan for Tourism Development (1st and 2nd). Regarding the policies consulted, it can be said that Mozambique has good public policies and the main ones adopt tourism as a factor in alleviating poverty and promoting development, but there is little empirical evidence that these objectives are being implemented on a large scale and effectively, as the participatory process and involvement of local communities in their design and implementation leaves something to be desired. There are also questions about the quality of jobs in the sector and their sustainability, given that they are very seasonal and often not legally linked to their employers.

Keywords:
Tourism Public Policies; Poverty Alleviating and Development Promotion; Local Community

Author	Elements introduced by theoreticians
H. Laswell	Policy analysis - as a way of reconciling scientific/academic knowledge with the empirical production of governments, establishing dialogue between social scientists, interest groups and governments.
H. Simon	Policy makers - the rationality of decision makers is limited by problems such as incomplete information, decision time, self-interest of decision makers, etc., but to minimize problems a structure of rules and incentives must be created, therefore seeking desired results and minimizing self-interest.
C. Lindblom	This author questions the rationalism of Laswell and Simon - other variables must be analyzed in the formulation and analysis of public policies, namely die role of elections, bureaucracies, parties and interest groups.
D. Easton	Public policy is a system - it has a relationship with formulation, results and the environment. In other words, public policies receive inputs from parties, the media and interest groups that directly influence their results and effects.

Form/type	Meaning
Distributive policies	These are the decisions taken by the government that do not consider the issue of limited resources, generating impacts that are more individual than collective, by favoring social groups or regions to the detriment of the whole.
Regulatory policies	Those most visible to the public, involving bureaucracy, politicians and interest groups.
Redistributive policies	They affect a greater number of people and impose concrete, short-term losses on certain social groups as well as uncertain futures, as is the case with universal social policies, the tax system and social security.
Constitutive policies	Those who deal with procedures.

Regions of the country	Provinces	Key tourist products
South region	Maputo Province Maputo City Inhambane Gaza	1. Vast coast with warm waters. 2. Exceptional quality of marine resources for diving. 3. Marine sports and fishing. 4. Diversified Parks and Reserves, transfrontier conservation areas, biological reserves and ecological parks. 5. Cosmopolitan and cultural environment of Maputo and Inhambane. 6. Historical-cultural heritage.
Central region	Sofala Manica Tete Zambézia	1. Jungle area with significant biodiversity and potential for-hunting. 2. Safaris. 3. Birdwatching. 4. Lake and river tourism. 5. Ecotourism and adventure tourism. 6. Parks and reserves.
North region	Cabo Delegado Nampula Niassa	1. Tropical beaches. 2. Historical and cultural heritage. 3. Primitive jungle. 4. Parks, reserves, limiting grounds, environmental protection areas.

Public policy	Objective	Timeframe
Regulamento de transportes em automóveis decreto 24/1989 de 08 de agosto.	To regulate automobile transportation taking into account the then administrative structure and political, economic and social demands of the People's Republic of Mozambique.	1989
Jogos de diversão social. Lei n. ° 9/1994 de 14/9.	Institutionalize the practice of games with an eminently social character.	1994
Política e estratégia desenvolvimento de florestas e fauna bravia. Resolução n. ⁰ 8/1997 de 1/04.	To generate economic and social benefits for current and future generations; to involve people who depend on forest resources in planning and sustainable use; and to conserve basic resources, including biological diversity.	1997
MOZBIO Project - Safeguarding policies.	To ensure the conservation of biodiversity and natural ecosystems in Transfrontier Conservation Areas (cross-border protected natural areas involving at least two countries) and the promotion of economic growth and development, based on the sustainable use of natural resources in local communities, with particular emphasis on ecotourism.	1997
Decreto Presidencial n.°l/2000, de 17/1.	To extinguish the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism and creates the Ministry of Tourism	2000
Tourism Policy and Implementation Strategy.	To Identify the general principles and objectives of tourism and the Priority Areas for Intervention and Action in Mozambique.	2003
Lei do Turismo (Tourism Law) n° 4/2004 de 17 de junho	To create the legal framework for the promotion and exercise of tourism activities.	2004
Strategic Plan for Tourism Development in Mozambique (2004-2013).	To set specific priorities, defining products and markets, identifying Priority Areas for Tourism Investment (PATI) and focusing the necessary resources.	2004
Regulamento de alojamento turístico, restauração e bebidas. Decreto n° 40/2005 de 30/8.	To regulate the conditions and procedures for licensing and operating tourist accommodation and catering and beverage activities.	2005
Regulamento das agências de viagem e turismo e profissionais de informação turística. Decreto n° 41/2007 de 30/8	To regulate the licensing and operation of travel and tourism agencies, as well as authorising the exercise of the professional activity of tourist information.	2005
Regulamento do mergulho amador. Decreto n.° 44/2006 de 29/11	To establish rules on the exercise of amateur diving in Mozambican jurisdictional waters.	2006
Regulamento de alojamento turístico, restauração e bebidas e salas de dança Decreto n° 18/2007 de 07/8.	To regulate the conditions and procedures for the licensing and operation of tourist activities as well as the classification system including the regulatory and management body, the register and the information system.	2007
Regulamento de direito de habitação periódica. Decreto n° 39/2007 de 24/8.	To establish the legal regime applicable to the constitution, exercise, transfer and extension of periodic housing rights, as well as defining the rules and procedures for licensing tourist and real estate developments under the periodic housing regime.	2007
Regulamento de transportes turísticos. Decreto n.° 41/2007 de 24/8.	To establish the legal framework applicable to the exercise of tourist transport activity.	2007
Decreto n.° 15/2009 de 4 de abril de 2009	To consign 20% of the revenues collected in National Parks and Reserves to local communities.	2009
Regulamento das zonas de interesse turístico. Decreto n. ° 77/2009 de 15/12.	To establish the legal framework for the declaration of areas of tourist interest (ATI) and to determine their effects, without prejudice to the specific rules laid down in the declaration of each area.	2009

Public policy	Objective	Timeframe
Regulamento da lei de jogos de fortuna ou azar. Decreto n.° 64/2010 de 31/12.	To regulate Law number, I/2010, of February 10, applicable to all undertakings and activities for the development and operation of one or more types of games of chance, as well as, in the applicable matters, to undertakings for the operation of activities providing related and complementary services.	2010
Regulamento de alojamento turístico, restauração e bebidas e salas de dança. Decreto n° 97/2013 de 07/8.	To establish the legal framework for the installation, operation and functioning of tourist enterprises, catering and drinking establishments and dance halls, as well as their classification and registration system.	2013
National Development Strategy -NDS (2015-2035)	Strategy drawn up in 2014 to ensure the inplementation of Agenda 2025, with the aim of raise the living conditions of the population through the structural transformation of the economy and diversification of the productive base. Tourism is one of the priority areas of the END (2015-2035).	2015
Strategic Plan of the National Administration of Conservation Areas (2015-2024)	To guide the efforts dedicated to Biodiversity Conservation through the materialization of the objectives set out in the Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique and in the Conservation Policy and its Implementation Strategy, namely: (i) Institutional Development; (ii) Biodiversity Conservation; (iii) Financial Economic Sustainability and; (iv) Community Development.	2015

Public policy	Objective	Timeframe
Regulamento das agendas de viagem e turismo e profissionais de informação turística aprovado pelo Decreto n.° 53/2015 de 80/12 que revoga o Decreto n.° 41/2005 de 30/8	To conduct the licensing and operation of travel and tourism agencies and the activities of tourist information professionals. To conduct the licensing and operation of travel and tourism agencies and the activities of tourist information professionals.	2015
Strategic Plan for Tourism Development in Mozambique (2016-2025)-PEDTM	To provide the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MICULTUR) with an implementation plan and strategy for the development of tourism as a key vector for rapid economic growth and job creation during the period 2016 to 2025, in support of the government's Poverty Reduction Action Plan (PARP).	2015
National Sustainable Development Program - PNDS	To respond to the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals by managing a portfolio of projects aimed at promoting sustainable and inclusive rural growth by 2030. Of the eight major goals, four are related to access to fresh or potable water, road construction, access to land and the quality of urban life in rural areas (including tourist areas). It highlights environmental sustainability variables (renewable energies and reducing CO2 emissions) and social sustainability variables (poverty reduction, access to land, drinking water, urban roads and social welfare).	2016
Regulamento de Empreendimentos turísticos, restauração e bebidas e salas de dança de 26 de julho de 2016 (decreto lei n° 49/2016) que revoga que revoga o decreto lei n° 97/2013	To establish the legal framework for the installation, operation and functioning of tourist enterprises, catering and drinking establishments and dance halls, as well as their classification and registration system.	2016
Diploma Ministerial n.° 18/2016 Aprova o Regulamento Interno do Ministério da Cultura e Turismo.	To establish the forms of organisation, coordination and specification of the respective competences, in accordance with and in strict compliance with the respective Organic Statute and other applicable principles and legislation.	2016
Lei da Proteção, Conservação e Uso Sustentável da Diversidade Biológica. Lei n. ° 5/2017, de 11 de maio (Decreto 89/2017)	To regulate Law no. 16/2014, of June 20, amended and republished by Law no. 5/2017, of May 11, the Law on the Protection, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity.	2017
Nature-based tourism in Mozambique in conservation areas - public and private partnerships (2018) Developed at the initiative of the Ministry of Land, Environment and Local Development of Mozambique	To promote tourism in protected areas - increasing biodiversity, conservation and supporting rural livelihoods. As well as attracting partnerships and investments for nature-based tourism	2018
Regulamento de Transporte em Veículos Automóveis e Reboques, aprovado pelo Decreto n.° Decreto n.° 35/2019 de 26 de fevereiro que revoga o Decreto n.° 11/2009, de 29 de maio.	It establishes the rules for carrying out transportation activities in motor vehicles and trailers.	2019
Decreto n° 10/2023 de 31 de março. Isenção de visto de entrada de estrangeiros turistas de alguns países em Moçambique.	To stimulate tourism and the business environment by unilaterally exempting citizens of certain countries from presenting an entry visa, under the provisions of Article 18(2) of Law 23/22 of December 29, which establishes the Legal Regime for Foreign Citizens, setting the respective rules for entry, stay and exit from the country.	2023

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[1] (*)CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Address: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Chalambe 01, 75, Inhambane, Moçambique. Phone: (00258) 29320755. E-mail:leonildo.benjamim86@gmail.com